Cat Mouth Cancer: Understanding Oral Tumors in Felines

Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, in cats is a serious health concern characterized by the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the tissues of the mouth. These growths often manifest as masses or tumors and are typically aggressive. It’s crucial for cat owners to be aware of this condition, its symptoms, and available treatments to ensure the best possible care for their feline companions.

Oral tumors are not uncommon in cats, affecting approximately five out of every 1,000 cats. Alarmingly, malignant tumors are prevalent in the oral cavity, with studies suggesting that 3–12% of all cancerous tumors in cats are oral, making mouth cancer the fourth most frequent type of cancer in this species. Furthermore, a significant majority, up to 85%, of these oral tumors are indeed malignant, highlighting the severity of this disease.

One of the challenges with mouth cancer in cats is that it often reaches an advanced stage before it’s detected. Many tumors extend deeper and are larger than they initially appear upon visual examination. While some oral cancers are slow-growing and may present with minimal initial symptoms, others are highly aggressive. These aggressive forms can rapidly metastasize, spreading to vital areas such as the lungs, jawbone, and lymph nodes, significantly diminishing the chances of a positive outcome. Without treatment, cats diagnosed with the most common type of oral cancer have a grim prognosis, with a median survival time of only 1.5 months. Early detection and intervention are therefore paramount in managing Cat Mouth Cancer effectively.

Types of Feline Mouth Cancer

While there are around 22 different types of mouth cancer that can affect cats, some are encountered much more frequently than others. Understanding these common types is essential for diagnosis and treatment planning:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC): SCC is the most prevalent form of mouth cancer in cats, accounting for approximately 65% of all oral tumors. This type is known for its aggressive nature and often invades the surrounding bone structures of the jaw, both the mandible (lower jaw) and maxilla (upper jaw).
Fibrosarcoma: These tumors originate in the connective tissues within the mouth, frequently developing in the gums. While typically slower growing compared to SCC, fibrosarcomas are still concerning due to their ability to infiltrate and damage adjacent healthy tissues.
Adenocarcinoma: Adenocarcinomas are less common in cats when compared to SCC and fibrosarcoma. These tumors typically arise from the salivary glands in the mouth and have a tendency to spread to the regional lymph nodes.
Chondrosarcoma: Originating from the cartilage within the oral cavity, chondrosarcomas are characterized by their slow growth. They can sometimes be mistaken for benign growths initially but are indeed cancerous and will eventually destroy surrounding tissues if left untreated.
Ameloblastoma: Ameloblastomas are rare tumors that develop from the tissues responsible for tooth formation. Although uncommon, when cancerous, they can be highly invasive. However, if complete surgical removal is achievable, the prognosis for ameloblastomas is generally more favorable than for more aggressive types.

Recognizing Symptoms of Mouth Cancer in Cats

Early detection of mouth cancer in cats greatly improves the chances of successful treatment. Cat owners should be vigilant and watch for the following symptoms:

Bad breath (halitosis): A noticeable and persistent foul odor from your cat’s mouth can be an early indicator.
Drooling: Excessive salivation, sometimes tinged with blood, may occur.
Difficulty eating or decreased appetite: Cats may show reluctance to eat, struggle to chew, or drop food from their mouth. This can lead to weight loss.
Pawing at the mouth: Your cat might frequently paw at their mouth or rub their face against furniture, indicating discomfort.
Facial swelling: Swelling on one side of the face or jaw can be a visible sign of a tumor.
Oral bleeding: Bleeding from the mouth, gums, or lips, even if minor, should be checked.
Visible mass or growth in the mouth: Lumps, bumps, or open sores in the mouth are a significant warning sign.
Loose teeth: Tumors can affect the structures supporting teeth, leading to teeth becoming loose.
Changes in vocalization: Meowing or other vocalizations may sound different or strained.

If you observe any of these symptoms in your cat, it’s crucial to seek veterinary attention immediately.

A concerning image of a cat’s mouth clearly showing a tumor on the gums, highlighting the visual signs of potential feline oral cancer.

Potential Causes and Risk Factors for Cat Mouth Cancer

While the exact cause of mouth cancer in cats remains unknown, research suggests several contributing factors that can increase a cat’s risk. These include environmental and genetic predispositions.

One study compared cats diagnosed with oral SCC to healthy cats and identified several significant risk factors:

Flea collars: Cats that wore flea collars were found to be five times more likely to develop oral SCC compared to those who did not. This suggests a potential link between chemicals in flea collars and the development of this cancer type.
Canned food, especially tuna: Cats with a diet primarily consisting of canned food, particularly canned tuna, had a threefold increased risk of SCC. Further research is needed to understand the specific components in canned food that might contribute to this risk.
Secondhand smoke exposure: Living in households where they were exposed to secondhand cigarette smoke doubled a cat’s likelihood of developing SCC. This underscores the dangers of secondhand smoke for pets, similar to its known risks for humans.

Age is also a significant factor, with mouth cancer being more prevalent in older cats. The average age at diagnosis is around 12 years, although younger cats can also be affected.

Breed and sex may also play a role. European shorthair cats appear to be overrepresented in oral tumor cases, and Siamese cats may have a higher predisposition to adenocarcinoma. While mouth cancer affects males and females equally overall, gingival fibrosarcoma, a type affecting the gums, might be more common in male cats.

Diagnosing Mouth Cancer in Cats: What to Expect

If you suspect your cat might have mouth cancer, a prompt veterinary visit is essential. To prepare for the appointment, take pictures of any visible tumors and keep a detailed record of all symptoms you’ve observed. Documenting changes in the tumor’s appearance over time can also be helpful information for your veterinarian. Having your cat’s medical history readily available, especially any past oral health issues or tumors, will aid in the diagnostic process.

The veterinarian will start with a thorough physical examination of your cat, paying close attention to the oral cavity. To definitively diagnose mouth cancer and determine the tumor type, they will likely perform a fine needle aspirate (FNA) or a biopsy.

Fine Needle Aspirate (FNA): This less invasive procedure involves inserting a thin needle into the tumor to collect a sample of cells. These cells are then examined under a microscope. FNA can sometimes provide a preliminary diagnosis.
Biopsy: A biopsy is more invasive and involves surgically removing a small piece of the tumor tissue. This tissue sample is then sent to a veterinary pathologist for detailed microscopic analysis. A biopsy is usually necessary for a definitive diagnosis and tumor grading.

Because mouth tumors can be deceptive, often extending further than visible and mimicking benign conditions, additional diagnostic tests are frequently recommended. These may include:

X-rays of the head: Radiographs can help assess the involvement of underlying bone structures, like the jawbones.
Advanced imaging (CT or MRI scans): Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide detailed three-dimensional images. These advanced imaging techniques are invaluable for determining the exact extent of the tumor, its depth, and whether it has spread to surrounding tissues or lymph nodes. CT and MRI are particularly helpful in pre-surgical planning to assess tumor resectability.

A veterinarian carefully examines a cat’s mouth during a check-up, demonstrating the importance of oral health assessments in feline care.

Treatment Options for Mouth Cancer in Cats

Treatment for mouth cancer in cats typically aims to remove or control the tumor, alleviate pain, and improve the cat’s quality of life. The most common treatment approaches include:

Surgery: Surgery is often the primary recommendation for oral tumors, aiming for complete removal of the cancerous tissue. However, due to the often deep and invasive nature of these tumors, complete surgical removal can be challenging. In some cases, aggressive surgical procedures, such as mandibulectomy (removal of part of the lower jaw) or maxillectomy (removal of part of the upper jaw), may be necessary to achieve tumor-free margins. While these surgeries are radical, they can be curative in some cases, and some cats can live for years afterward.
Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy uses high-energy rays to target and destroy cancer cells. It can be used to shrink tumors before surgery, to treat tumors that are not surgically removable, or to control tumor regrowth after surgery. Radiation can effectively reduce tumor size and provide pain relief, but tumor regrowth is a common concern after radiation therapy is completed, sometimes necessitating repeated treatments. Radiation may also be less effective for deeper tumors that are not easily reached by the radiation beams.
Chemotherapy: Chemotherapy, using drugs to kill cancer cells, may be considered, especially when cancer has metastasized or spread beyond the mouth. Chemotherapy is less likely to be used as a primary treatment for a localized oral tumor but may be used in combination with other therapies or for metastatic disease.
Multimodal Therapy: Combining different treatment modalities often yields the best outcomes. For example, radiation therapy can be used post-surgery to target any remaining cancer cells and control regrowth, while chemotherapy can be added in cases where there is a high risk of or evidence of metastasis.
Palliative Care: When a cure is not achievable, palliative care becomes crucial. Palliative care focuses on managing pain, maintaining comfort, and maximizing the cat’s quality of life for the remaining time. This can include pain medication, nutritional support, and other supportive measures.

Treatment decisions are always tailored to the individual cat, considering the type and stage of cancer, the cat’s overall health, and owner preferences.

Recovery and Ongoing Management After Treatment

Post-treatment care is vital for a cat’s recovery and long-term well-being. Your veterinarian will provide detailed aftercare instructions, including a recovery timeline and schedule for follow-up appointments.

For cats undergoing surgery, expect some post-operative soreness. Cats who have had partial or full jaw removals may require hospitalization for several days initially. Once home, create a comfortable and quiet recovery space. Keep food, water, and the litter box easily accessible. Switching to soft, palatable foods is crucial, especially immediately after surgery and radiation. In some cases, a feeding tube may be necessary temporarily, and your vet may recommend a liquid diet. Patience is essential, as your cat may need assistance with eating and hand-feeding as they adapt to any physical changes in their mouth.

Following radiation therapy, the mouth may be tender. Again, soft food is generally easier for cats to manage during this time.

Chemotherapy can sometimes cause side effects like nausea and vomiting. Closely monitor your cat for any adverse reactions and promptly inform your veterinarian if side effects become severe or concerning.

Regardless of the treatment approach, strictly adhere to medication schedules, keep all follow-up appointments, and don’t hesitate to contact your veterinarian if you notice anything unusual or have any concerns during your cat’s recovery.

Items that can aid in your cat’s recovery include comfortable bedding, elevated food and water bowls if needed, and toys that are gentle on the mouth.

Prevention Strategies for Mouth Cancer in Cats

While there’s no guaranteed way to prevent mouth cancer in cats, certain measures can potentially reduce the risk and improve the chances of early detection:

Regular Veterinary Checkups: Routine wellness exams, including thorough oral examinations, are critical. Early detection of any abnormalities in the mouth significantly improves treatment outcomes.
Dental Prophylaxis: Regular professional dental cleanings help maintain good oral hygiene and allow for closer inspection of the mouth, potentially identifying early signs of tumors or other oral health issues.
Limit Exposure to Risk Factors: While definitive links are still under investigation, minimizing exposure to potential risk factors like cigarette smoke, flea collars, and excessive canned tuna consumption may be prudent.
Good Oral Hygiene at Home: Regularly brushing your cat’s teeth, if they tolerate it, can contribute to overall oral health and allow you to monitor for any changes in their mouth.

Mouth Cancer in Cats: Frequently Asked Questions

How long can a cat live with mouth cancer?

The survival time for a cat with mouth cancer is highly variable and depends on numerous factors, including the type of tumor, its size and invasiveness, the stage at diagnosis, and the cat’s response to treatment. Reported survival times range from just a few days to several years post-diagnosis. Early diagnosis and aggressive treatment generally correlate with longer survival times.

When is humane euthanasia the kindest option for a cat with oral cancer?

Mouth cancer can significantly impact a cat’s quality of life, causing pain, difficulty eating, and overall discomfort. If treatment is not improving symptoms or palliative care is no longer effectively managing pain and suffering, humane euthanasia may be the most compassionate choice. This decision is deeply personal and should be made in consultation with your veterinarian, considering your cat’s overall well-being and quality of life.

References

Moore, A. Treatment choices for oral cancer in cats. J Feline Med and Surg. 2009;11:23-31.
Oral Cavity Tumors. Cornell Feline Health Center.

WRITTEN BY: Expert Content Creator at solcat.net