Discovering that your cat is struggling with constipation can be concerning for any pet owner. Constipation, defined as infrequent or difficult bowel movements, is a common issue in cats and can manifest in various ways, from hard stools to a complete inability to defecate. While occasional constipation might seem minor, it’s crucial to recognize that persistent or severe cases can escalate into more serious conditions like obstipation or megacolon, a severe form of chronic constipation that can be resistant to treatment.
It’s essential to understand that if you observe your cat straining in the litter box, this could indicate a medical emergency. Immediate veterinary attention is crucial to rule out serious underlying issues that could be life-threatening if left unaddressed.
Recognizing the Symptoms of Constipation in Cats
Identifying constipation in cats early can make a significant difference in their comfort and health. Be alert to the following symptoms:
- Straining to Defecate with Little to No Stool Production: This is a primary indicator. You might notice your cat assuming the posture for defecation in the litter box, but producing very little or no feces. This straining is often a sign of discomfort or pain.
- Frequent Litter Box Visits: A constipated cat may feel a constant urge to defecate, leading to more frequent trips to the litter box than usual. They might spend extended periods in the box without successfully passing stool.
- Vomiting: Constipation can lead to vomiting due to a buildup of feces in the digestive tract, causing a feeling of fullness. Nausea from an upset stomach or abdominal discomfort can also trigger vomiting.
- Reduced Appetite: Discomfort and nausea associated with constipation can cause a decrease in your cat’s appetite. A cat that is not feeling well due to constipation may refuse food as a way to seek relief or communicate their discomfort.
- Abdominal Pain: The accumulation of stool, gas, and the resulting distension in the abdomen can cause pain. In severe cases, constipation can even lead to intestinal blockages, which are extremely painful.
- Lethargy or Decreased Energy Levels: The pain and discomfort from abdominal issues and gas can lead to reduced activity levels and lethargy in constipated cats.
- Decreased Social Interaction: When cats are unwell, they often withdraw and isolate themselves. A decrease in their usual interest in interacting with family members can be a general sign that your cat is not feeling well.
An adult cat inside a clean and accessible litter box, which is essential for their bowel regularity.
Uncovering the Causes of Cat Constipation
Constipation in cats can stem from a variety of factors, ranging from environmental stressors to underlying health conditions. It is always recommended to consult a veterinarian within 24 hours of noticing constipation to rule out any serious health-related causes.
Litter Box Management and Environment
Sometimes, the root of cat constipation can be traced back to issues with their litter box. Factors to consider include:
- Infrequent Cleaning: Cats are fastidious creatures. A dirty litter box might deter them from using it regularly, causing them to hold back stool.
- Accessibility and Location: If the litter box is difficult to access, perhaps due to age-related mobility issues, or located in a noisy or stressful environment (like near a washing machine), your cat might avoid using it.
- Changes in Litter Type: Switching to a new type of litter, whether it’s a different brand, scent, or clumping ability, can sometimes upset a cat and lead to litter box avoidance.
- Pain Association: If a cat experiences pain while trying to defecate, perhaps due to arthritis, they might associate the litter box with discomfort and avoid it.
To support your constipated cat, evaluate their litter box setup and consider these adjustments:
- Relocate the Litter Box: Place it in a quiet, low-traffic area away from loud noises or stressful activities.
- Separate from Resources: Ensure the litter box is not near their food, water, or resting areas, as cats prefer to keep these areas separate.
- Increase Cleaning Frequency: Scoop the litter box at least once daily, and completely replace the litter and clean the box regularly.
- Maintain Litter Consistency: Stick to the same type of litter your cat is accustomed to, in terms of brand, scent, and clumping properties.
- Consider a Low-Sided Litter Box: For senior cats or those with mobility issues, a low-sided litter box can be easier to enter and exit.
Dehydration and Insufficient Water Intake
Inadequate hydration is a significant contributor to constipation in cats. If a cat isn’t drinking enough water, their body will draw moisture from the stool, making it hard and difficult to pass. Reduced water intake could be due to:
- Underlying Health Issues: Conditions like kidney disease, dental pain, or digestive discomfort can make cats reluctant to drink. Veterinary evaluation is crucial to rule out these medical problems.
- Water Dish Preferences: Cats can be particular about their water. Stagnant or dirty water, or even the material of the water bowl, can discourage drinking.
After ruling out medical causes of dehydration, consider these strategies to encourage your cat to drink more water:
- Introduce a Cat Water Fountain: Many cats are attracted to moving water. A fountain can mimic a natural stream and encourage them to drink more.
- Experiment with Different Bowls: Try bowls made of glass, ceramic, or metal to see if your cat prefers a particular material.
- Increase Water Bowl Cleaning: Wash water bowls daily to ensure fresh, appealing water.
- Add Ice Cubes or Toys: Adding ice cubes or floating toys to the water bowl can make it more engaging and encourage interaction and drinking.
- Consider Hydration Supplements: Supplements like Hydracare™ are designed to increase water intake in cats and can be a helpful addition, especially for cats prone to dehydration.
A cat using a water fountain, a great way to encourage hydration and prevent constipation.
Underlying Medical Conditions
Various diseases, both short-term and chronic, can lead to constipation in cats. These include:
- Kidney Disease: Kidney problems can disrupt fluid balance and lead to dehydration and constipation.
- Diabetes: Diabetes can also affect hydration levels and digestive function, contributing to constipation.
- Hyperthyroidism: This condition can sometimes affect bowel motility and lead to constipation.
Any instance of straining in the litter box warrants a veterinary visit to rule out these and other potentially serious underlying medical conditions. Early diagnosis and treatment are crucial for managing these diseases and preventing complications.
Intestinal Obstruction
An obstruction in the intestines, often caused by ingesting a toy or other indigestible item, is a serious cause of constipation. This is considered a medical emergency. If your cat is constipated and exhibiting symptoms of obstruction, immediate veterinary attention is necessary. Obstruction symptoms may include:
- Vomiting
- Lethargy
- Refusal to eat
- Swollen or distended abdomen
- Restlessness or refusal to lie down
- Fever or low body temperature
Difficulty urinating or straining to urinate is also an emergency and requires immediate veterinary care.
Lack of Physical Activity
A sedentary lifestyle can contribute to constipation in cats. Regular physical activity helps stimulate bowel function. Aim for at least 10-15 minutes of interactive play with your cat daily. This is especially important for younger cats and kittens who have higher energy levels. Interactive play not only keeps them physically fit but also mentally stimulated, contributing to overall health and well-being.
Veterinary Diagnosis of Cat Constipation
To diagnose constipation, your veterinarian will start by gathering a detailed history of your cat’s symptoms, including when they started and any potential contributing factors. Providing a comprehensive history is crucial because straining in the litter box can also be a symptom of urinary tract issues or diarrhea.
Following the history, a thorough physical examination will be performed. In many cases of constipation, the veterinarian can palpate hardened stool in the colon during the abdominal exam. However, this is not always conclusive.
To further evaluate the severity of constipation and determine the best course of treatment, X-rays are typically recommended. These images allow the veterinarian to visualize the amount of stool in the colon and identify any potential obstructions or other abnormalities. Bloodwork is also often necessary to assess for underlying diseases, such as kidney disease or diabetes, that may be predisposing your cat to constipation.
Addressing Cat Constipation: Treatment and Relief
Treatment for cat constipation depends on the underlying cause and the severity of the condition. Untreated constipation can progress to megacolon, a severe and often irreversible condition that can be life-threatening.
The initial step in treating constipation is to remove the impacted feces. This may require fluid administration to hydrate the stool or an enema performed at the veterinary clinic. Never administer an enema to your cat at home, as human enemas are unsafe and can be harmful to cats.
For moderate to severe constipation, sedation may be necessary for procedures like enemas or manual deobstipation (manual removal of feces).
Once the immediate constipation is addressed, the next crucial step is to identify and manage the underlying cause. This might involve environmental modifications, such as adjusting litter box practices or water availability, as mentioned earlier.
Dietary changes are often recommended. Your veterinarian may suggest switching your cat to a diet that is either high in fiber or low in residue, depending on the specific situation. Medications specifically designed to treat constipation may also be prescribed to help soften stool and promote regular bowel movements.
Crucially, if an underlying medical condition is identified, treating that condition, such as kidney disease or arthritis, becomes the primary focus to prevent recurrent constipation.
Long-Term Management and Recovery from Cat Constipation
After the initial blockage is resolved, cats usually recover quickly. However, without addressing the root cause of the constipation, recurrence is highly likely.
It is vital to adhere to all instructions provided by your veterinarian. Dietary changes or medications may need to be continued long-term to manage the condition effectively. Even if your cat seems to be feeling better, it’s important not to discontinue treatment without veterinary guidance.
Pro Tip: Consider using a calendar near the litter box to track your cat’s bowel movements. This proactive approach can help you detect early signs of constipation and seek timely intervention.
Frequently Asked Questions About Cat Constipation
How can I definitively tell if my cat is constipated?
The most common sign is observing your cat straining to defecate with little to no stool production over a 24-hour period. Straining involves assuming the defecation posture but producing minimal or no feces. Other signs can include small, hard fecal balls, rectal bleeding, or general signs of illness like vomiting, diarrhea, or changes in appetite.
Should I be concerned if my constipated cat is also vomiting?
Yes, vomiting in a constipated cat is a serious sign that warrants immediate veterinary attention. It often indicates a potential intestinal obstruction caused by the impacted stool. Seek emergency veterinary care if you observe these combined symptoms.
How frequently should a healthy cat poop?
Most cats should defecate at least once a day. A normal bowel movement every 12-24 hours is generally indicative of a healthy digestive system.
By understanding the signs, causes, and treatments for cat constipation, you can take proactive steps to ensure your feline companion stays healthy and comfortable. Always consult with your veterinarian for any concerns regarding your cat’s health.
WRITTEN BY
Hanie Elfenbein, DVM
Veterinarian
Dr. Elfenbein graduated from the University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine in 2016. She currently practices in…
