It’s a heartbreaking reality for any cat owner: our feline friends are masters at concealing discomfort. Recognizing the subtle signs of pain in cats is the first challenge. Adding to this complexity, many common pain medications safe for humans and even dogs can be incredibly dangerous, even fatal, to cats. But your cat’s comfort is paramount. Thankfully, with careful attention and the right knowledge, you can effectively help your cat feel better. This guide will explain what you can give your cat for pain, and crucially, what you must absolutely avoid.
The Severe Risks of Human Pain Medications for Cats
Under no circumstances should you ever administer a pain medication formulated for humans to your cat unless explicitly instructed by your veterinarian. If you suspect your cat has ingested any human pain medication, immediately contact your veterinarian or the Animal Poison Control Center (in the U.S., call 1‐888‐426‐4435) without delay.
Many over-the-counter pain relievers that are staples in human medicine cabinets are extremely toxic to cats, even in minuscule amounts. Acetaminophen, commonly found in Tylenol and various cold and flu remedies, is a prime example. A single regular-strength Tylenol tablet contains enough acetaminophen to be lethal to some cats. This substance causes severe damage to feline red blood cells and liver tissue, making it unequivocally unsafe for cat pain management.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) readily available over the counter, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin), naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin, also pose significant dangers to cats. These medications can induce severe gastrointestinal ulcers, liver and kidney damage, and disrupt normal blood clotting in felines.
While there might be rare instances where a veterinarian might prescribe aspirin for a cat, such as in specific cases to prevent blood clots, this is only under strict veterinary supervision, for very specific conditions, and always at extremely low, carefully calculated dosages. Never attempt to administer even a small dose of human aspirin to your cat without explicit veterinary direction.
Safe and Effective Pain Relief Options for Cats
The appropriate pain management strategy for cats varies significantly based on the nature and intensity of their pain, as well as their overall health status. A veterinarian will carefully assess these factors to develop a personalized and safe pain treatment plan.
If you have accidentally given your cat a higher dose of prescribed cat pain medication than instructed, contact your veterinarian or Animal Poison Control (1‐888‐426‐4435 in the U.S.) immediately.
Here are some of the commonly prescribed and safest categories of pain relief medications for cats:
Prescription Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatories (NSAIDs) Specifically for Cats
Unlike their over-the-counter human counterparts, there are prescription NSAIDs specifically formulated for cats that can be used safely for pain relief, albeit with careful veterinary guidance. These prescription NSAIDs are designed to selectively target enzymes that produce inflammatory and pain-causing compounds while minimizing interference with beneficial “housekeeping” compounds in the body.
Compared to over-the-counter NSAIDs, prescription options for cats are generally better at maintaining healthy blood flow to the kidneys, ensuring normal blood clotting, and protecting the stomach lining from ulcer formation.
Onsior (robenacoxib)
Onsior is an FDA-approved prescription medication specifically for short-term use (up to 3 days) to manage pain and inflammation following surgery in cats. Veterinarians sometimes prescribe it off-label for longer durations to manage chronic pain conditions like osteoarthritis or cancer.
Potential side effects of Onsior can include lethargy, reduced appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. In more serious cases, particularly with overdosing, gastrointestinal ulceration, liver damage, kidney damage, and bleeding or blood clotting abnormalities can occur.
Metacam (meloxicam)
Metacam, along with other brand-name and generic medications containing meloxicam, is only available by prescription.
The FDA has approved a single injectable dose of Metacam for post-operative pain management in cats. However, the oral formulation is sometimes used off-label for longer-term management of chronic pain conditions like osteoarthritis or cancer.
Prolonged use of Metacam, even at appropriate doses, carries a risk of kidney damage in cats. However, lower dosages have been used safely for extended periods outside of the United States. Close veterinary monitoring is crucial with long-term use.
Opioid Pain Relievers for Cats
For cats experiencing moderate to severe pain, or when NSAIDs are not suitable due to underlying health conditions, veterinarians often turn to opioid pain relievers.
Opioids can be derived naturally (from the poppy plant) or synthesized in a laboratory. They work by binding to and blocking pain receptors in the nervous system. Due to their potential for addiction and misuse in humans, opioids are classified as controlled substances.
Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine is a versatile opioid that can be used for short-term pain relief, such as after an injury or surgery, or for longer-term management of chronic pain conditions like osteoarthritis and cancer.
It can be administered via injection or absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth. Buprenorphine is generally considered safe when used as prescribed, but potential side effects can include dilated or constricted pupils, euphoria or lethargy, elevated body temperature, vomiting, defecation, and slowed breathing.
Tramadol
Tramadol is another prescription opioid available for cats. It can be used for both acute pain, such as post-surgical pain, and chronic pain management in conditions like osteoarthritis or cancer.
Tramadol has a very bitter taste, so tablets often need to be compounded into a palatable liquid form with cat-friendly flavors, particularly for long-term administration. Potential side effects of tramadol in cats can include dilated or constricted pupils, lethargy, unusual behaviors, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, and, in rare cases, seizures.
Duragesic (fentanyl patch)
Prescription fentanyl patches are typically used when cats require sustained relief from moderate to severe pain over several days, such as following surgery or a significant injury.
The patch is applied to a shaved area of skin and delivers fentanyl transdermally over several days, usually lasting around 5 days in cats. When used correctly, fentanyl patches are generally safe, but potential side effects are similar to other opioids and include dilated or constricted pupils, euphoria or lethargy, increased body temperature, vomiting, defecation, and slowed breathing.
Veterinarians have access to and may prescribe other opioid medications for cats depending on the specific situation, including butorphanol, morphine, and hydromorphone.
Steroids for Inflammation and Pain in Cats
Corticosteroids, such as prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone, are potent anti-inflammatory medications. Reducing inflammation can indirectly alleviate pain. However, steroids are not typically used solely for pain relief, especially for long-term management, due to potential side effects like delayed wound healing, cartilage degeneration, and the development of diabetes.
Concurrent use of corticosteroids and NSAIDs in cats increases the risk of serious side effects, such as gastrointestinal ulceration and kidney damage. Therefore, combining these medication types should be avoided unless specifically directed and closely monitored by a veterinarian.
Other Medications Used for Pain Management in Cats
Certain medications initially developed for other purposes have been found to have analgesic (pain-relieving) properties in cats.
Neurontin (gabapentin)
Neurontin, and other formulations of gabapentin, are prescription medications. Originally developed to control seizures, gabapentin is now also used to manage post-operative pain and chronic pain, particularly neuropathic pain associated with osteoarthritis, cancer, and nerve injuries or disease. Gabapentin is generally well-tolerated in cats, with minimal side effects.
Cerenia (maropitant)
Cerenia is a prescription medication primarily used to control vomiting in cats. However, it also possesses pain-relieving properties and is sometimes used in conjunction with anesthetics or other pain medications.
Potential side effects of Cerenia can include fever, dehydration, lethargy, decreased appetite, blood in the urine, and drooling. Cerenia injections can be painful, making the oral formulation preferable for long-term use.
Amantadine
Amantadine was initially developed as an antiviral medication. It is now sometimes used in combination with other pain medications to manage chronic pain, especially neuropathic pain associated with osteoarthritis, cancer, and nerve injury or disease. Side effects can include gastrointestinal upset and uncoordinated movements.
Amitriptyline
Amitriptyline is a prescription antidepressant that is occasionally used to treat chronic pain in cats, particularly nerve-related pain.
Potential side effects of amitriptyline can include lethargy, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, increased heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms, difficulty urinating, and reduced saliva and tear production.
Joint Supplements for Chronic Pain in Cats
Osteoarthritis is a leading cause of chronic pain in cats, especially senior cats. A multimodal approach, combining different therapies, is often the most effective way to manage arthritis pain. Joint supplements can be safely used alongside pain medications and other arthritis treatments.
Here are some common joint supplements for cats that may help with pain management:
Glucosamine and Chondroitin
Joint supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin are widely available over-the-counter. They appear to be most effective when used together. Glucosamine and chondroitin can help to slow down the breakdown of joint cartilage, promote cartilage repair, improve the quality and quantity of joint fluid, and reduce inflammation and pain.
Adequan (polysulfated glycosaminoglycans)
Adequan, and other products containing polysulfated glycosaminoglycans, are prescription injectables. They function similarly to glucosamine and chondroitin in supporting joint health but may be more effective in some cats.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Nutritional supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids are readily available over-the-counter. Omega-3 fatty acids are believed to benefit cats with osteoarthritis by helping to prevent and reduce inflammation and by reducing the activity of enzymes that degrade cartilage.
Many joint supplements combine multiple beneficial ingredients. Other supplements with some evidence supporting their use in cats include:
- Turmeric
- Duralactin (microlactin)
- Manganese ascorbate
- Avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU)
- Green-lipped mussels
- Hyaluronic acid
Non-Pharmaceutical Ways to Comfort a Cat in Pain
Sometimes, the most effective approach to managing cat pain involves non-medical strategies, often in combination with medication. Depending on your cat’s specific situation, a combination of the following can be beneficial:
- Weight loss: Reducing excess weight decreases stress on joints and reduces the production of inflammatory hormones from fatty tissue.
- Home modifications: Adjusting your home environment can significantly improve comfort. Design your cat’s living space to be easily navigable. Keep essential resources like food, water, comfortable heated beds, and low-sided litter boxes on a single level. Use ramps to provide access to favorite elevated spots.
- Acupuncture: This traditional Chinese medicine technique can stimulate nerves and improve blood circulation, release natural pain-relieving endorphins, and alleviate muscle spasms.
- Therapeutic laser treatment: Laser therapy can reduce inflammation and pain and promote tissue healing.
- Physical rehabilitation: Rehabilitation programs can help maintain muscle strength and joint mobility and improve coordination.
- Emerging therapies: Newer treatments like stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma (PRP), nerve growth factor inhibitors, and cannabidiol (CBD) are under investigation for pain management in cats.
- Love and attention: Providing gentle affection and incorporating your cat in comfortable daily activities can significantly improve their well-being.
The Importance of Veterinary Consultation
If you suspect your cat is experiencing pain, consulting with your veterinarian is crucial. Accurate diagnosis is the first step to effective pain management. Your veterinarian can determine the underlying cause of your cat’s pain and create the most appropriate and comprehensive treatment plan tailored to your cat’s individual needs. They can guide you on what you can safely give your cat for pain and ensure their comfort and quality of life are optimized.
