An occasional sneeze from your feline friend is usually nothing to worry about. Just like humans, sneezing is a normal bodily function for cats, acting as a powerful way to expel irritants from their nasal passages. This involuntary reflex is an explosive burst of air through the nose and mouth, and sometimes, even simple things like excitement or a sudden movement can trigger a sneeze in cats.
However, persistent sneezing in cats, especially when accompanied by other symptoms, warrants a closer look. If your cat’s sneezing doesn’t subside or if you notice additional signs of illness, it’s essential to consult with your veterinarian to determine if treatment is necessary.
Common Causes of Sneezing in Cats
If your cat is sneezing frequently, your vet’s initial assessment will likely involve reviewing your cat’s overall symptoms to pinpoint the potential cause. Infections are a primary suspect when it comes to cat sneezing. To confirm an infection, your veterinarian might take samples from your cat’s mouth, throat, eyes, or nose for laboratory testing. Besides infections, inhaled irritants and allergens are also common culprits behind sneezing in cats.
Let’s delve into some of the specific reasons why your cat might be sneezing:
1. Upper Respiratory Infections (URIs): Viral, Bacterial, or Fungal
If your cat is sneezing, especially repeatedly, there’s a high chance they have an upper respiratory infection (URI). Often referred to as “cat colds,” these infections are particularly prevalent in younger cats, especially those from shelters or multi-cat environments. Vaccination plays a crucial role in preventing many of these infections.
Several viruses can lead to URIs and sneezing in cats, including:
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Feline Herpesvirus (FHV-1): Cats typically contract feline herpesvirus through contact with infected cats. Stressful situations can trigger flare-ups of the virus and increase the risk of transmission to other cats. Treatment for feline herpesvirus focuses on managing the symptoms. It’s important to note that feline herpesvirus is species-specific and not contagious to humans.
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Feline Calicivirus (FCV): Feline calicivirus is highly contagious among cats. While mouth ulcers are a hallmark symptom, FCV can also affect the respiratory system and, in severe cases, lead to pneumonia.
These viral infections can weaken a cat’s respiratory system, making them more susceptible to secondary bacterial infections. For instance, a cat with feline herpesvirus might develop a secondary bacterial infection, which can be often treated effectively with antibiotics prescribed by your veterinarian.
2. Other Infections Causing Sneezing
Beyond the common viral URIs, a range of other infections can also manifest as sneezing in cats. These include:
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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP): FIP, caused by a mutated feline coronavirus, can present with a wide spectrum of symptoms, ranging from mild or no symptoms to severe illness over time.
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Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV): FIV is a slow-progressing virus that weakens a cat’s immune system over time, making them more vulnerable to various secondary infections.
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Feline Leukemia Virus (FeLV): FeLV is a serious and potentially fatal viral infection that can severely compromise a cat’s health.
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Chlamydia: Chlamydia in cats often manifests as conjunctivitis, an eye infection characterized by inflammation of the conjunctiva.
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Bordetella bronchiseptica: This bacterium is a common cause of respiratory infections in various animals, including cats, and can lead to sneezing and coughing.
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Mycoplasma: Mycoplasma are bacteria that can cause respiratory infections in cats, contributing to sneezing and other respiratory symptoms.
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3. Irritants and Allergens
Just like humans, cats can sneeze in response to irritants and allergens in their environment. Common culprits include:
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Dust and pollen: These common environmental allergens can irritate a cat’s nasal passages, triggering sneezing.
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Smoke: Exposure to smoke, whether from cigarettes or fireplaces, can be a significant irritant for cats and cause sneezing.
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Perfumes and strong odors: Strong fragrances, cleaning products, and other potent odors can irritate a cat’s sensitive respiratory system.
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Mold: Mold spores in the air can act as allergens and irritants, leading to sneezing in susceptible cats.
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Certain foods: While less common, food allergies can sometimes manifest as respiratory symptoms, including sneezing.
4. Nasal Foreign Bodies
Sometimes, a cat might inhale a small object, such as a blade of grass, a seed, or dust particles, which becomes lodged in their nasal passages. This foreign body can irritate the nasal lining and cause sneezing as the cat attempts to expel it.
5. Dental Issues
In some cases, dental problems, particularly infections in the upper teeth, can extend into the nasal passages and cause sneezing. This is because the roots of the upper teeth are located very close to the nasal sinuses.
6. Nasal Tumors or Polyps
Although less frequent, nasal tumors or polyps can also be a cause of chronic sneezing in older cats. These growths can obstruct the nasal passages and cause irritation and inflammation.
When is Cat Sneezing a Cause for Concern?
While occasional sneezing is normal, you should be concerned and consult your veterinarian if your cat exhibits any of the following signs along with sneezing:
- Frequent or persistent sneezing: Sneezing that occurs repeatedly or doesn’t resolve within a day or two.
- Nasal discharge: Discharge from the nose, especially if it is colored (yellow, green, or bloody) or excessive.
- Eye discharge: Discharge from the eyes, squinting, or redness.
- Coughing or wheezing: These respiratory symptoms along with sneezing can indicate a more serious condition.
- Lethargy or decreased energy: A noticeable decrease in activity level or unusual tiredness.
- Loss of appetite or difficulty eating: Reduced interest in food or trouble eating.
- Fever: Elevated body temperature, which can be a sign of infection.
- Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing: Labored breathing or an increased respiratory rate.
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What to Do If Your Cat Is Sneezing
If you are concerned about your cat’s sneezing, the best course of action is to schedule a visit with your veterinarian. Your vet can perform a thorough examination to determine the underlying cause of the sneezing and recommend appropriate treatment.
During your vet visit, be prepared to provide information about:
- The frequency and duration of sneezing.
- Any other symptoms you’ve observed.
- Your cat’s vaccination history.
- Potential exposure to other cats or irritants.
Treatment for cat sneezing will depend on the underlying cause. It may include:
- Antibiotics for bacterial infections.
- Antiviral medications for viral infections.
- Antifungal medications for fungal infections.
- Antihistamines or corticosteroids for allergies.
- Surgery to remove nasal polyps or tumors.
- Supportive care, such as fluids or nutritional support.
Conclusion
Occasional sneezing in cats is usually normal and a natural way for them to clear their nasal passages. However, if your cat’s sneezing becomes frequent, persistent, or is accompanied by other symptoms like nasal or eye discharge, lethargy, or loss of appetite, it’s crucial to seek veterinary attention. Early diagnosis and treatment can help ensure your feline companion stays healthy and breathes easy. By being attentive to your cat’s health and seeking timely veterinary care when needed, you can help them live a long, happy, and sneeze-free life.
