Treating pain in cats presents unique challenges. Cats are masters at concealing discomfort, making it difficult to recognize when they are suffering. Furthermore, many pain medications safe for humans and even dogs can be harmful or ineffective for cats. However, it’s crucial to address feline pain to ensure their well-being and quality of life. Fortunately, with careful consideration and veterinary guidance, there are safe and effective pain management options available for your cat.
The Danger of Human Pain Medications for Cats
It is critical to understand that human pain medications should never be given to cats unless explicitly directed by a veterinarian. If you suspect your cat has ingested human pain medication, contact your veterinarian or the Animal Poison Control Center immediately (1-888-426-4435).
Many common over-the-counter pain relievers for humans are toxic to cats, even in small doses. Acetaminophen, found in medications like Tylenol, is particularly dangerous. Even a single regular-strength tablet can be fatal to some cats. Acetaminophen causes severe damage to red blood cells and the liver in cats, making it completely unsuitable for feline pain relief.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) available over the counter, such as ibuprofen (Advil), naproxen (Aleve), and aspirin, also pose significant risks to cats. These medications can lead to serious complications including gastrointestinal ulcers, liver and kidney damage, and impaired blood clotting.
While veterinarians may occasionally prescribe aspirin in very specific situations and at extremely low doses for cats (for example, to prevent blood clots), this is only done under strict veterinary supervision and is not a safe option for home use.
Alt text: A cat exhibiting signs of pain by hiding under furniture, highlighting the importance of recognizing subtle pain cues in felines.
Safe Pain Medication Options for Cats
The appropriate pain management strategy for a cat depends on various factors, including the type and severity of pain, as well as the cat’s overall health. A veterinarian will conduct a thorough assessment to determine the safest and most effective pain relief plan for your feline companion.
If you accidentally administer an overdose of cat-specific pain medication, immediately contact your veterinarian or Animal Poison Control (1-888-426-4435).
Here are some commonly prescribed and safe pain medications for cats:
Prescription NSAIDs for Cats: Targeted Pain Relief
Unlike their over-the-counter human counterparts, prescription NSAIDs specifically formulated for cats can be used safely under veterinary direction. These medications work by selectively blocking enzymes responsible for producing inflammatory and pain-inducing compounds, while preserving beneficial “housekeeping” compounds in the body.
Prescription NSAIDs offer advantages over over-the-counter options by better maintaining kidney blood flow, supporting normal blood clotting, and reducing the risk of stomach ulcers.
Onsior (robenacoxib): Short-Term Post-Surgical Pain Relief
Onsior is an FDA-approved prescription NSAID specifically for short-term use (up to 3 days) to manage pain and inflammation following surgery in cats. In some cases, veterinarians may prescribe Onsior “off-label” for longer durations to manage chronic pain conditions such as osteoarthritis or cancer.
Potential side effects of Onsior can include lethargy, decreased appetite, vomiting, and diarrhea. More serious side effects, particularly with excessive doses, can include gastrointestinal ulceration, liver and kidney damage, and bleeding or blood clotting problems.
Metacam (meloxicam): Post-Operative and Chronic Pain Management
Metacam, and other brand-name and generic meloxicam products, are prescription-only medications. Injectable Metacam is FDA-approved for a single dose to manage post-operative pain in cats. The oral formulation of meloxicam is frequently used “off-label” for longer-term management of chronic pain conditions like osteoarthritis and cancer.
Prolonged use of Metacam can carry a risk of kidney damage. However, low doses have been used safely for extended periods outside the United States for many years.
Alt text: A cat calmly receiving liquid pain medication via an oral syringe, demonstrating a common method of administering oral medication to felines.
Opioids for Cats: Managing Moderate to Severe Pain
For cats experiencing moderate to severe pain, or when NSAIDs are not suitable, veterinarians often turn to opioids. These powerful pain relievers can be natural (derived from poppies) or synthetic (lab-created). Opioids work by binding to and blocking pain receptors in the nervous system. Due to their potential for human abuse and addiction, opioids are controlled substances.
Buprenorphine: Versatile Pain Relief for Cats
Buprenorphine is a versatile opioid used for both short-term pain relief (e.g., after injury or surgery) and long-term management of chronic pain conditions like osteoarthritis or cancer. It can be administered via injection or absorbed through the mucous membranes in the mouth. Buprenorphine is generally considered safe when used as prescribed, but potential side effects can include dilated or constricted pupils, euphoria or lethargy, increased body temperature, vomiting, defecation, and slowed breathing.
Tramadol: Oral Opioid for Feline Pain
Tramadol, available only by prescription, can be used for both acute and chronic pain management in cats, similar to buprenorphine. Tramadol has a very bitter taste, so tablets are often compounded into palatable liquid formulations, especially for long-term use. Side effects of tramadol can include dilated or constricted pupils, lethargy, unusual behavior, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, and seizures.
Duragesic (fentanyl patch): Extended Relief for Severe Pain
Prescription fentanyl patches are typically used when cats require several days of consistent relief from moderate to severe pain, such as following surgery or injury. The patch is applied to shaved skin and delivers medication over several days, typically lasting for 5 days in cats. Fentanyl patches are safe when used correctly, but potential side effects are similar to other opioids: dilated or constricted pupils, euphoria or lethargy, increased body temperature, vomiting, defecation, and slowed breathing.
Veterinarians have access to other opioids suitable for cats, including butorphanol, morphine, and hydromorphone, and will choose the most appropriate option based on the individual case.
Steroids for Inflammation-Related Pain in Cats
Corticosteroids are potent anti-inflammatory medications. While reducing inflammation can alleviate pain, steroids like prednisolone, methylprednisolone, and dexamethasone are not typically used solely for pain management, especially long-term. This is due to potential side effects such as delayed wound healing, cartilage degeneration, and the development of diabetes.
Combining corticosteroids and NSAIDs in cats increases the risk of side effects like gastrointestinal ulceration and kidney damage.
Other Medications with Pain-Relieving Properties for Cats
Certain medications initially developed for other purposes have been found to provide pain relief in cats.
Neurontin (gabapentin): Nerve and Chronic Pain Relief
Neurontin, and other gabapentin products, are prescription medications. Originally developed to control seizures, gabapentin is now also used to manage post-operative pain and chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis, cancer, and nerve injury or disease. Gabapentin is generally well-tolerated with minimal side effects.
Cerenia (maropitant): Anti-Nausea and Pain Relief
Cerenia, a prescription medication primarily used to control vomiting, also possesses pain-relieving properties, often used in conjunction with anesthetics or other pain relievers. Side effects can include fever, dehydration, lethargy, decreased appetite, blood in the urine, and drooling. Injections can be painful, making the oral form preferable for long-term use.
Amantadine: Chronic Pain Management Adjunct
Amantadine, initially developed as an antiviral medication, can be used in combination with other pain medications to manage chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis, cancer, and nerve injury or disease. Potential side effects include gastrointestinal upset and unsteadiness.
Amitriptyline: Antidepressant for Chronic Pain
Amitriptyline, a prescription antidepressant, is sometimes used to treat chronic pain, particularly nerve-related pain. Side effects can include lethargy, gastrointestinal upset, constipation, increased heart rate, abnormal heart rhythms, difficulty urinating, and reduced saliva and tear production.
Alt text: A veterinarian gently examining a cat, emphasizing the crucial role of veterinary consultation in diagnosing and managing feline pain.
Joint Supplements for Long-Term Pain Management in Cats
Osteoarthritis is a common cause of chronic pain in cats. Managing feline arthritis effectively often involves a multi-modal approach, combining various therapies for enhanced results. Joint supplements can be safely used alongside pain medications and other arthritis treatments.
Glucosamine and Chondroitin: Foundational Joint Support
Joint supplements containing glucosamine and chondroitin are widely available over-the-counter. They are believed to be most effective when used together. Glucosamine and chondroitin help to slow cartilage breakdown, support cartilage repair, improve joint fluid quality and quantity, and reduce inflammation and pain.
Adequan (polysulfated glycosaminoglycans): Injectable Joint Protection
Adequan, and other polysulfated glycosaminoglycan products, are prescription injectables that work similarly to glucosamine and chondroitin but may be more effective in some cats.
Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Natural Anti-Inflammatory Support
Nutritional supplements containing omega-3 fatty acids are readily available over the counter. Omega-3s are thought to benefit cats with osteoarthritis by helping to prevent and reduce inflammation and by decreasing the activity of cartilage-degrading enzymes.
Many joint supplements contain a combination of ingredients. Other supplements with some evidence supporting their use in cats include turmeric, Duralactin (microlactin), manganese ascorbate, avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU), green-lipped mussels, and hyaluronic acid.
Non-Medication Ways to Comfort a Cat in Pain
Sometimes, pain management goes beyond medication. Depending on the cat’s situation, a combination of the following strategies can be beneficial:
- Weight loss: Reducing excess weight decreases stress on joints and lowers the production of inflammatory hormones from fatty tissue.
- Home modifications: Adapt your cat’s environment to make movement easier. Keep essential resources like food, water, heated beds, and low-sided litter boxes on one level. Use ramps to provide access to favorite elevated spots.
- Acupuncture: This technique stimulates nerves and blood circulation, releases natural pain-relieving endorphins, and alleviates muscle spasms.
- Therapeutic laser treatment: Laser therapy reduces inflammation and pain and promotes tissue healing.
- Physical rehabilitation: Rehabilitation programs help maintain muscle strength, joint mobility, and improve coordination.
- Emerging therapies: New treatments like stem cell therapy, platelet-rich plasma, nerve growth factor inhibitors, and cannabidiol (CBD) are being explored for feline pain management.
- Love and attention: Engage your cat in gentle, comfortable daily activities and provide plenty of affection.
If you suspect your cat is experiencing pain, consult with your veterinarian. They can accurately diagnose the cause of the pain and develop the most appropriate and comprehensive treatment plan tailored to your cat’s specific needs.
